Sunday, February 3, 2008

Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 840 3.2 Ghz


Get advanced performance for high-end gaming and the most demanding power applications. The Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology Extreme Edition is designed specifically for those who know their technology and crave high performance.
Features
Hyper-Threading Technology Streaming SIMD extensions 3 Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology Execute Disable Bit capability 1MB L2 Advanced Transfer Cache for each core Specifications General Product Type Processor Expansion / Connectivity Compatible Slots 1 x processor - LGA775 Socket Miscellaneous Package Type Intel Boxed Processor Type / Form Factor Intel Pentium Extreme Edition Dual-Core 840 Processor Qty 1 Clock Speed 3.2 GHz Bus Speed 800 MHz Processor Socket LGA775 Socket Cache Memory Type Advanced Transfer Cache Installed Size L2 cache - 2 MB What is a PowerLeap adapter? This device from PowerLeap allows socket 7 and socket 5 motherboards to have clock multiplier speeds up to 6.0x, even if you original motherboard has a maximum multiplier that is lower. Additionally, this adapter will also provide you with the proper split voltages for all AMD, CYRIX and Intel MMX processor to work on your system. Once the Powerleap adapter is installed you are only limited by your BIOS.
Because my original motherboard does not support AMD Processors or 6.0x clock multipliers I needed to use the PowerLeap adapter in my tests. But as you can see below this combination has given me a dramatic increase in speed over my original Pentium 133 that came with my system.

Intel Pentium 4 540 3.2GHz



Attract new business and transition existing customers with the latest generation of the Intel Pentium 4 processor.
Desktop platforms based on the Intel Pentium 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology and the Intel 925X/915 Express chipsets, create a multi-media environment where digital content is shared between devices in both the home and office.
In addition, the Pentium 4 processor with HT Technology gives your customers the power to do more without slowing down.
In fact, HT Technology can provide software performance benefits of up to 25 percent in multitasking situations, delivering advanced performance for both home and business PC users.
Whatever the need, the Intel Pentium 4 processor has the capability to meet your customers computing demands.
Product Type
Processor
Manufacturer
Intel

AMD K6-2 vs. AMD K6-III


Now that the AMD K6-III and AMD K6-2 are both available in 400 MHz from PowerLeap. I was wondering which PowerLeap adapter upgrade performs better. This page contains the results of my testing of both processors on my Packard Bell PB 640 motherboard with a Mr. BIOS upgrade, 64 MB of RAM, Windows 95 and a Stealth II S220 video card. So what is the AMD-K6-III processor with 3DNow! technology? Well, AMD describes it as "the ultimate sixth generation processor for home PC enthusiasts and business power users. The AMD-K6-III processor combines 3DNow! technology with AMD's new TriLevel Cache design to deliver exceptional performance on leading business and consumer software applications. The key to this enhanced performance is our innovative TriLevel Cache design, which provides the largest total system cache for desktop PCs-more than four times the size of other competing system designs." Basically this means that the AMD-K6-III is an AMD K6-2 that has 256 L2 cache on the CPU

Intel Dual-core Xeon Processor 5030 2.67





The Dual-Core Intel Xeon processor 5000 series is a simple purchase decision for a business to make: Dual core performance at single core price. Starting today all dual processor servers should be multi-core, from high-performance to value. Adding to exciting new levels of processor performance come processor features: Intel Virtualization Technology, Intel Hyperthreading Technology, Intel Enhanced Speedstep Technology and Execute Disable Bit.The Dual-Core Intel Xeon processor 5000 series is compatible with Intel 5000P, 5000V and 5000X series of chipsets. Server boards based on these chipsets are optimized for dual core with advanced platform features of Dual Independent Bus and Fully Buffered DIMM memory technology offering up to 4X and 3X available bandwidth of current generation platforms. Improved I/O performance is possible with PCI Express and the option of Intel I/O Acceleration Technology


Specifically designed for and validated with server boards based on the Intel 5000P, 5000V and 5000X chipsets Available in two thermal solution options

AMD (K62433100SK7), 433 MHz


The Mobile AMD-K6-2-P processor is based on an advanced, sixth-generation architecture and offers excellent performance for value priced notebook PCs. Whether you are running standard business applications or graphics-intensive software, the Mobile AMD-K6-2-P processor allows you to get the job done quickly and efficiently.

Intel Celeron D Processor 341 2.93


The Intel Celeron D processor on 90 nm process in the 478-pin package and in the FC-LGA775 Land package expands Intel's processor family into value-priced PC market segments. Celeron D processors offer exciting new technologies at a great value. The Celeron D processors include a larger integrated L2 cache and faster processor system bus when compared to Celeron processors. The Celeron D processor is built on the foundation of Intel's successful engineering and manufacturing leadership with Intel's commitment of technology, quality and reliability to value-priced PC market segments. The Celeron D processors provide customers the capability to affordably get onto the Internet, utilize educational programs, home-office software and productivity applications with great computing and multimedia power

Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 965 3.73 Ghz


The Intel® Pentium® Processor Extreme Edition, with the processing capabilities of four threads, delivers more computing capabilities that enable you to explore new ways to accomplish and enjoy performance-intensive tasks on your PC.
Features
Hyper-Threading Technology: Enables you to run multiple demanding applications at the same time. Execute Disable Bit: Can improve protection against malicious "buffer overflow" attacks when properly enabled with a supporting operating system. Intel® Extended Memory 64 Technology Provides flexibility for future applications that support both 32-bit and 64-bit computing. Dual-Core: Two physical cores in one processor support better system responsiveness and multi-tasking capability than a comparable single core processor. Intel® Virtualization Technology: Intel® Virtualization Technology enables one hardware platform to function as multiple "virtual" platforms. For businesses, it offers improved manageability, limiting downtime and maintaining worker productivity by isolating computing activities into separate partitions. In the home, it allows creating unique user environments for multiple family members looking to use the same platform simultaneously.
Specifications
Processor Frequency 3.73 GHz Package Type 775 pin Bus Speed 1066 MHz L2 Cache Size 4 MB L2 Cache Speed 3.73 GHz CPUID String 0F64h Core Voltage 1.3V Thermal Guideline 130W Thermal Spec 68.6°C Manufacturing Technology 65 nm Bus/Core Ratio 14

IBM Processor Amd Opteron Model 246 2.0 Ghz

This AMD Opteron processor option provides a highly scalable architecture that delivers next-generation performance as well as a flexible upgrade path from 32- to 64-bit computing. With a single architecture designed to meet current and future business needs, the AMD Opteron processor can help to minimize the integration complexities presented by current business environments and answer future business growth needs. This evolutionary processor provides a dramatic leap forward in compatibility, performance and investment protection and can help significantly reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) variable. The AMD Opteron processor is offered in three models, the 244, 246 and the 248, ranging in processor speeds and is supported by 1MB of L2 cache on all models

Supports large memory addressability for data-intensive applications, allowing for optimal performance and improved productivity in your work environments. Flexibility Minimizes integration complexities by providing simultaneous high performance 32- and 64-bit computing Provides the flexibility and scalability for demanding enterprise-class applications. Provides flexibility with a scalable design, delivering the headroom needed for future applications. Investment Protection Provides lower cost of ownership, helping with long-term IT investment protection Provides an investment with a long-span potential thanks to the performance upgrade capabilities inherent in the AMD Opteron processor Allows you to better manage the transition cost and timing of your application suite's 64-bit migration

IBM Processor Amd Opteron Model 250 2.4 Ghz

This AMD Opteron processor option provides a highly scalable architecture that delivers next-generation performance as well as a flexible upgrade path from 32- to 64-bit computing. With a single architecture designed to meet current and future business needs, the AMD Opteron processor can help to minimize the integration complexities presented by current business environments and answer future business growth needs. This new Model 250 evolutionary processor with 2.4GHz front-side bus frequency and memory support for PC2700 is expected to give an immediate performance boost to the IBM eServer 325. The AMD processor upgrades provide a dramatic leap forward in compatibility, performance and investment protection and can help reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) variable in 2004 and beyond IT budget projections.
Performance AMD delivers high-performance solutions for today's enterprise community. This AMD Opteron processor delivers ease of transition to 64-bit technology at your desired pace without sacrificing 32-bit performance. With 64-bit capabilities, the AMD Opteron processor supports large memory addressability for data-intensive applications, allowing for optimal performance and improved productivity in your work environments. Flexibility The AMD Opteron processor minimizes integration complexities by giving you simultaneous high performance 32- and 64-bit computing This Opteron processor provides the flexibility and scalability for demanding enterprise-class applications. The AMD Opteron processor's forward-thinking technology provides flexibility with a scalable design, delivering the headroom needed for future applications. Investment Protection Provides lower cost of ownership, helping with long-term IT investment protection The performance upgrade capabilities inherent in the AMD Opteron processor provide an investment with a long-span potential The AMD Opteron processor's innovative design allows you to better manage the transition cost and timing of your application suite's 64-bit migration

IBM Processor Amd Opteron Model 250 2.4 Ghz

This AMD Opteron processor option provides a highly scalable architecture that delivers next-generation performance as well as a flexible upgrade path from 32- to 64-bit computing. With a single architecture designed to meet current and future business needs, the AMD Opteron processor can help to minimize the integration complexities presented by current business environments and answer future business growth needs. This new Model 250 evolutionary processor with 2.4GHz front-side bus frequency and memory support for PC2700 is expected to give an immediate performance boost to the IBM eServer 325. The AMD processor upgrades provide a dramatic leap forward in compatibility, performance and investment protection and can help reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) variable in 2004 and beyond IT budget projections.
Performance AMD delivers high-performance solutions for today's enterprise community. This AMD Opteron processor delivers ease of transition to 64-bit technology at your desired pace without sacrificing 32-bit performance. With 64-bit capabilities, the AMD Opteron processor supports large memory addressability for data-intensive applications, allowing for optimal performance and improved productivity in your work environments. Flexibility The AMD Opteron processor minimizes integration complexities by giving you simultaneous high performance 32- and 64-bit computing This Opteron processor provides the flexibility and scalability for demanding enterprise-class applications. The AMD Opteron processor's forward-thinking technology provides flexibility with a scalable design, delivering the headroom needed for future applications. Investment Protection Provides lower cost of ownership, helping with long-term IT investment protection The performance upgrade capabilities inherent in the AMD Opteron processor provide an investment with a long-span potential The AMD Opteron processor's innovative design allows you to better manage the transition cost and timing of your application suite's 64-bit migration

IBM Processor Amd Opteron Model 250 2.4 Ghz

This AMD Opteron processor option provides a highly scalable architecture that delivers next-generation performance as well as a flexible upgrade path from 32- to 64-bit computing. With a single architecture designed to meet current and future business needs, the AMD Opteron processor can help to minimize the integration complexities presented by current business environments and answer future business growth needs. This new Model 250 evolutionary processor with 2.4GHz front-side bus frequency and memory support for PC2700 is expected to give an immediate performance boost to the IBM eServer 325. The AMD processor upgrades provide a dramatic leap forward in compatibility, performance and investment protection and can help reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) variable in 2004 and beyond IT budget projections.
Performance AMD delivers high-performance solutions for today's enterprise community. This AMD Opteron processor delivers ease of transition to 64-bit technology at your desired pace without sacrificing 32-bit performance. With 64-bit capabilities, the AMD Opteron processor supports large memory addressability for data-intensive applications, allowing for optimal performance and improved productivity in your work environments. Flexibility The AMD Opteron processor minimizes integration complexities by giving you simultaneous high performance 32- and 64-bit computing This Opteron processor provides the flexibility and scalability for demanding enterprise-class applications. The AMD Opteron processor's forward-thinking technology provides flexibility with a scalable design, delivering the headroom needed for future applications. Investment Protection Provides lower cost of ownership, helping with long-term IT investment protection The performance upgrade capabilities inherent in the AMD Opteron processor provide an investment with a long-span potential The AMD Opteron processor's innovative design allows you to better manage the transition cost and timing of your application suite's 64-bit migration

AMD Duron processor low-cost

AMD Duron processor is a low-cost CPU based on the K7 architecture. The first generation of Duron processors used Spitfire core, which is similar to the Athlon Thunderbird core with the exception of L2 cache - the Duron had 64 KB L2 cache while the Athlon had 256 KB cache. Having larger L1 cache, faster bus speed and more powerful FPU unit, the Duron Spitfire processors significantly outperformed their competitors - Intel Celeron processors with 66 Mhz FSB. Even after the bus speed on Celeron processors was increased to 100 MHz, they were still lagging behind the Duron CPUs.
The Spitfire core Durons were produced in speeds up to 950 MHz. Faster AMD Duron processors used a Morgan core. Like the Spitfire core is similar to the Thunderbird core, the Morgan core takes most of the features from the Athlon Palomino core. The core was tweaked for greater performance by implementing a full set of SSE instructions, adding a data prefetch mechanism and increasing the size of the Translation Look-aside Buffer.
The next Duron core - Applebred - was used in the last three processors from the Duron family. In these processors the bus speed was increased to 266 MHz, and the core voltage was reduced to 1.5V. The Applebred core was the last Duron core - the Duron CPU family was phased out in favor of new AMD Sempron family.

AMD Duron 650 MHz (D650AST1B) Processor

AMD presents Duron processor, once again setting the standard for business and home users in the value PC space. Optimized for the value-conscious user, the AMD Duron processor reinforces AMD's leadership position in delivering better computing solutions to the value PC space.??The AMD Duron processor offers value conscious buyers access to technology and performance that stands out among other processors in its class. Employing an innovative design, the AMD Duron processor features sophisticated cache architecture, a high-speed front-side bus, and a super-scalar floating-point unit with enhanced 3DNow! technology. Designed to help prolong the life of a buyer's investment, the AMD Duron processor provides the capability and flexibility to meet the computing needs of value conscious users today and tomorrow. AMD Duron processor-based systems are ideal for applications typically employed by such users, including surfing the Internet, business and personal productivity suites

Thursday, January 17, 2008

AMD Geode GX S B Comp Refe Design Kit

high-performance
The AMD Geode™ GX Single Board Computer (SBC) Reference Design Kit (RDK) is a compact, low-power, high-performance tool developed to enable the next generation of single-board computing and network appliances. Virtually manufacture-ready, the RDK is designed to deliver low total cost of ownership and provide a complete system design package that gives designers flexibility, versatility, and enhanced capabilities in a small-sized package (approximately 5.5" x 5"). The RDK is driven by the AMD Geode GX 466@0.9W processor and complemented by the CS5536 companion chip which provides general I/O support, including USB 2.0, audio, and ATA 100. The RDK is supported by General Software's industry leading Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology.Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology, provides maximum configurability with high-level firmware tools and full source code for the core BIOS. With modular architecture, custom adaptations of the BIOS can be made with ease, speed, and power.
Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology FEATURES:
· Over 850 configuration options
· Advanced firmware applications, available as options, provide boot security, high availability and platform updates
· USB: USB 2.0, Legacy keyboard and mouse, USB boot (optional)
· Advanced UDMA 5 (ATA 100)

AMD Geode LX DB800 Development Board


The AMD Geode™ LX DB800 Development Board is a low-power, small form factor Computer-On-Module (COM) ideal for embedded or industrial computing products that require low power consumption, high performance, small size, and reliability. The development board measures 170mm x 170mm and includes a 500MHz processor. This x86-compatible development tool is designed to enable developers to quickly create embedded or industrial computing products using the AMD Geode™ LX 800@0.9W processor. Applications include a variety of set-top boxes and thin-client industrial or embedded consumer products.
AMD's Firmware of ChoiceGeneral Software's industry leading Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology is the firmware of choice on the Development Board. Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology, provides maximum configurability with high-level firmware tools and full source code. With modular architecture, custom adaptations of the BIOS can be made with ease, speed, and power.
Current Release - Build 61

AMD Geode LX NAS Reference Design Kit


The AMD Geode™ LX NAS RDK combines small form factor design (170 mm x 170 mm), x86 application compatibility, high processor performance, low power consumption, and multi OS support. This product development solution allows the creation of Network Attached Storage (NAS) products quickly and efficiently. High performance is delivered via its onboard AMD Geode™ LX 800@0.9W processor. The processor is complemented by the AMD Geode™ CS5536 companion chip.
AMD's Onboard BIOS of ChoiceGeneral Software's industry leading Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology is AMD’s onboard BIOS of choice for the AMD Geode™ LX NAS Reference Design Kit. Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology, with Firmbase® Technology, provides maximum configurability with high-level firmware tools and full source code for the BIOS core. With modular architecture, perfect-fit custom adaptations of the BIOS can be made with ease, speed, and power.
The AMD Geode™ LX NAS RDK combined with Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology as the onboard BIOS provide designers a complete solution for their network attached storage and network appliance projects.
Current Release - Build 9

AMD Chipsets And CPU Combinations


Amd chipsts and CPU COMBINATIONS
AMD Geode™ LX NAS Reference Design Kit
AMD Geode™ LX UVC Reference Design Kit
AMD Geode™ LX DB800 Development Board
AMD Geode™ GX Single Board Computer RDK
AMD Geode™ GX DB533 Development Board
AMD Geode™ GX Thin Client RDK
AMD Geode™ NX DB1500 Development Board
AMD Geode™ DBSC1100 Development Board
AMD Geode™ DBSC1200 Development Board
AMD Geode™ SP4GX22 System Platform
AMD Geode™ SP4GX10 System Platform
AMD Geode™ SP4SC40 Development Platform
AMD Geode™ SP4SC31 Development Platform
AMD Geode™ SP4SC30 Development Kit
AMD Geode™ SP1SC21 Development Kit
AMD SC520 Customer Development Platform
AMD SC400 Customer Development Platform
AMD uForCE SC400 Design
AMD SC310 Customer Development Platform
AMD SC300 Customer Development Platform
AMD Am186ES Eval Board
AMD Am186ER Eval Board
AMD Am486 PCI Customer Development Platform
MSI MS5169 K6 Desktop MB
AMD Chipsets And CPU Combinations:
AMD Geode™ GX 533@1.1W Processor
AMD Geode™ GX1
AMD Geode™ LX 800@0.9W Processor
AMD Geode™ NX Processor Family
AMD Opteron™ Processor
AMD Geode™ SC1100
AMD Geode™ SC1200
AMD Geode™ SC2200
AMD Geode™ SC3200
CHIPSETS:
AMD SC520
AMD SC410
AMD SC400
AMD SC310
AMD SC300
DEEPLY EMBEDDED CPUs:
AMD Am186ES
AMD Am186ER

General Software and AMD

“General Software has been a great partner for AMD. The company's excellent technology and solid support of the Geode family of processors makes them an ideal partner."
- Gino Giannotti, Vice President and General Manager, Value Platforms AMD
General Software has provided firmware to AMD for nearly a decade. With excellent technology and solid support of the Elan and Geode family of processors, General Software is the ideal development partner for AMD and their embedded customers. You will find Embedded BIOS® to be the pre-installed BIOS firmware on AMD's leading embedded evaluation platforms.
Free Sample or Update Request We offer ready-to-run, binary samples of Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology via email.
For more information about the AMD customer development platforms, chipsets, and CPUs,

General Software and VIA processor

General Software and VIA Technology are working together to bring the combination of General Software's Embedded BIOS® with StrongFrame™ Technology and VIA Technology's embedded hardware platforms to the x86 embedded market place.
For more information about the VIA silicon chips supported by General Software, email General Software .
MAINBOARDS:
VIA EPIA Mainboard
VIA EPIA M Mainboard
VIA EPIA V Mainboard
CHIPSETS:
CX700
CN700
CN400
Apollo CLE266
Apollo PLE133
Apollo Pro266T
ProSavage PN133
PROCESSORS:
Eden

General Software and RadiSys

RadiSys designs and manufactures building blocks for next-generation Internet, communications, industrial automation, medical equipment, and transaction terminal applications.
Email General Software for detailed information about the RadiSys reference designs and chipsets supported by General Software.
REFERENCE DESIGNS:
RadiSys EPC-3331 Development Platform
RadiSys R400 Eval Board
CHIPSETS:
RadiSys 82600
RadiSys R400/486
RadiSys R380/386EX
RadiSys R300/386EX

iGoogle

iGoogle

Wednesday, January 2, 2008

Sun Blade T6300 Server Module

Sun Blade Transparent Management, direct management of each server module for seamless integration into existing management infrastructure
Supports open and free Solaris, including LDOM and Solaris Containers
Engineered for superior availability, with hot-swappable disks and no fans or power supply units on the blade sun blade t6300 Server Porcessor

Sun Blade 6000 Modular system

Maximum flexibility - SPARC, AMD Opteron, and Intel Xeon processor-based server modules, as well as the Solaris, Linux, and Windows operating systems
Most open blade platform with industry standard PCIe ExpressModule
Minimized power and cooling needs with up to 17 percent greater power efficiency
Up to double the memory and I/O capacity of competing blades and rackmounts
Run up to 48 Sun Blade server modules, up to 768 processing cores, per rack
The compute foundation of the Sun Constellation System offering up to 7 TFLOPS of peak performance per rack

Intel high-speed processor technology

The ThinkStation™ S10 series offers a blend of essential features and technology, including Microsoft® Windows Vista® Business 64, enhanced ECC memory speed, integrated dual Gigabit Ethernet, high-performance Intel® processors, a variety of high-performance video graphics adapters, and numerous data protection tools. These new Lenovo™ systems include feature improvements in security, systems, recovery, and location

New ThinkStation S10 models

Benefits of the ThinkStation S10 systems include:

Microsoft Windows Vista Business 64
Outstanding performance and excellent room for growth:
High performance Intel processors
ECC system memory
Outstanding high performance video graphics adapters in all configurations
Support for Serial ATA and SAS devices
Innovative mechanical design for easy upgrades and service support
ThinkVantage technologies that can help:
Make computing simpler
Lower your total cost
Increase PC availability and contro

High Athlon 64 Workstation

Horizon 8AM120 is a single Athlon 64 based workstation. It's capable of handling everyday desktop needs as well as the more demanding design software. Although it's configured as our entry-level machine, it is capable of handling the most demanding programs with ease.
Options include nVidia GeForce and Quadro video adapters as well as RAID adapters and hot-swap drives. If your budget doesn't allow for accessories to be added at this time, the Horizon systems are easy to upgrade with a simple way

Horizon 8AM100 - Entry-level Athlon 64 desktop

Horizon 8AM100 is a single Athlon 64 based workstation. It's capable of handling everyday desktop needs as well as the more demanding design software. Although it's configured as our entry-level machine, it is capable of handling the most demanding programs with ease.
Options include nVidia GeForce and Quadro video adapters, as well as RAID adapters and hot-swap drives. If your budget doesn't allow for accessories to be added at this time, the Horizon systems are easy to upgrade with a simple call to your representative when you're ready.

Pinnacle Single Opteron / Athlon 64

The Pinnacle 1O100 is a great entry level server, or single processor compute node. This system is available with single or dual core chips from the AMD Opteron or Athlon 64 processor lines.
There is plenty of room for storage, using the onboard NVIDIA Serial-ATA controller, and ample drive bays provide room for more than a terabyte of disk-space. Your memory needs are taken care of with expandability to over 8GB of fast 400MHz error-correcting RAM. A single expansion slot is available in either PCI-e or PCI-X configurations, perfect for a high-speed cluster interconnect like Infiniband.

HyperTransport™ Technology

Provides a scalable bandwidth interconnect between processors, I/O subsystems, and other chipsets
Provides sufficient bandwidth for supporting new interconnects including PCI-X, DDR, InfiniBand, and 10G Ethernet

Low-Power Processors

The standard AMD Opteron processor uses only 89W of power
Lower power AMD Opteron processor HE available in all of Advanced Clustering's systems, uses only 55W

Quad-Core

Quad-Core AMD Opteron™ processors offer significant core and cache enhancements for greater performance.
Quad-Core AMD Opteron™ processors with native multi-core technology offer AMD Wide Floating Point Accelerator, 1GB paging, and out-of-order execution for superior performance.
Quad-Core AMD Opteron™ processors are designed for more processing throughput in the same power and thermal envelopes as Dual-Core AMD Opteron™ processors.
Quad-Core AMD Opteron™ processors with AMD Balanced Smart Cache include dedicated L2 cache per core and a new shared L3 cache to help improve multi-threaded application performance and avoid thrashing.